The Main Cause Of Famine On Africa - 1674 Words

Zeena Mhone Grade 9/2 Geography The main cause of famine in Africa is Natural hazards. Africa has been associated with famine for a long period of time and is still the case today.Research has shown that more than 90 million people living in Africa have been affected by hunger and are malnourished.This raises a question of what the root causes of this problem could be, considering that this has been an ongoing problem. Some people suggest that the main cause of famine in Africa over the years and is still the case today is natural disasters.While environmental catastrophes may have played a part in causing famine to Africa it can not be discussed in isolation, there are other factors that have to be taken into consideration. The main aim of this essay is to give a critical discussion of the causes of famine in Africa today. To start with, natural disasters may have triggered famines in the past and that is still the case today in the African continent. For instance,in 2011 to mid 2012,east Africa had an extreme climate change that brought on a drought that was said to be the worst in 60 years.The region faced a prolonged dry season, and the rain that followed the dry season fell in low quantity resulting to a severe food crisis to the countries of Somalia, Djibouti, Kenya and Ethiopia. The sudden food crisis is said to have threatened the livelihoods of 12 million people living in the region. Most of the refugees from Somalia fled to neighboring countries whichShow MoreRelatedImperialism656 Words   |  3 PagesImperialism in Africa? During the 19th century, King Leopold II of Belgium compared Africa to a cake. At the Berlin Conference in 1885, seven European nations took slices of Africa for themselves without discussing any details with Africans. From a 21st century perspective, this seems like a selfish thing to have done, so why did Europeans engage in imperialism? Certainly, political factors, cultural causes, and technological advancements were important. But the primary cause was economic. EuropeanRead MoreThe Causes Of Famine1354 Words   |  6 PagesFamine With food production at an all time high, starvation should be at an all time low, but that is far from the case. Unfortunately, famine is currently one of the main causes of death in third world countries. In this essay I will look at the reasons for the famine, the consequences and compare the ideas of food aid and sustainable livelihoods. Famine causes malnutrition and death, in 2011, 260 000 people died of famine in Sudan and Ethiopia. Over half of these were children. (Devi 2017)  ThereRead MoreHunger in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Astonishing Truth Behind Starvation1717 Words   |  7 Pagessub-Saharan Africa, every 3 seconds a child under five dies from AIDS and hunger, and more than 90 percent of the people are suffering long term malnourishment. (World Health Organization) In addition to this, measles are taking the life of a boy almost every minute, when a measles vaccine cost less than $1. (WHO, World Health Organization) Things are moving in the wrong direction, says Marc Cohen (International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Washington). If we look at sub-Saharan Africa as aRead MoreReflection On Out Of America By Keith Richburg1369 Words   |  6 Pageswanted to discover his true roots back in Africa. He takes up the job of being a foreign reporter in Africa and writes an autobiography detailing his e xperiences there. Some of the images he paints are absolutely horrible and even painful to read about. In this essay, I will discuss some of his experiences in Africa, why the author felt a lot more of an American than an African when he left, and why the future of Africa looks bleak. Before the author went to Africa, he expected the continent to be a lotRead MoreGlobal Hunger Is The Most Prevalent Issue1747 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal Hunger is the most prevalent issue in the modern world. In much of Asia, Africa and other parts of the developing world, people are malnourished and do not have access to sufficient food. Hunger levels in third-world countries has decreased, however in war affected countries such as Iraq, hunger has increased severely. Malnourishment affects the body all through a person’s life, from the moment they are born to when they are elderly, if they survive that long. Life long hunger can increaseRead MoreReasons for the Worlds Food Surpluses and Shortages Essay examples911 Words   |  4 Pagesworld today, the three richest people in the world have more money than the 600,000 poorest. It is clear that the main reason for there being food surpluses in some countries and shortages in others, is the widening gap between the rich and the poor. In many LEDCs, such as Ethiopia and Mali in Africa and India in Asia, people are suffering from malnutrition and famine. Whereas in MEDCs, especially in North America and Europe, people are suffering from obesity and food surplusesRead MoreWestern Media Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesAfrica is one of the richest continents in terms of resources and human population nonetheless; it is the poorest and least developed continent. A significant number of the population in the west are ignorant about Africa and have a negative attitude towards Africa, ‘Most of them have certain images of Africa that they hold to be true or real’, all these images are acquired though what they receive as news in the western media (Michira,2002). Often words used to describe Africa in the west includeRead MoreThe Effects Of Long Distance Travel During The Era 12001681 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most important effects of long-distance travel in the era 1200 to 1500 was the famine that started in 1315. The population lessened due to the lack of food and even when they did have food it wasn’t enough to stop their starvation. In the article Famine of 1315 it was stated: â€Å"Four pennies worth of coarse bread was not enough to feed a common man for one day. The usual kinds of meat, suitable for eating, were too scarce; horse meat was precious; plump dogs were stolen. And, accordingRead More Drought Eastern Africa1518 Words   |  7 Pagessurvive and Eastern Africa is far from the ideal place to do so due to drought. The Eastern Africa people have limited crops which are mostly failing due to lack of water, little cattle herds due to the hot conditions and poor ground to feed on ,while the rest of the world has the resources to provide large-scale relief (Stewart, 2011). This is a big issue because on a global scale we are letting Eastern Africa’s people suffer when there is no need of it. The drought in Eastern Africa is causing manyRead MoreThe Effects Of Low Food Production On Africa925 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Africa is the world’s second-largest and second-most-populous continent, covering 20.4 percent of Earth’s total land area (Fima. L, 2009), with rich natural resources and lots of mighty rivers. In this essay, three main factors causing low food production in Eastern Africa will be analysed and discussed. Firstly, rapid growth of population in Africa is responsible for degradation and soil erosion, decline of the land’s ability to recovery, and retain productivity. The unpredictable

The Cause and Effects of Surrogate Mother - 1680 Words

The main causes of women choose to be surrogate mothers are poverty and kind human being, and its result in physical and mental effects to the surrogate mother. II. Surrogacy is often done or committed is because of poverty. A. Effects of poverty 1. Hunger 2. Sickness B. Surrogacy is becoming a growing business. 1. Earn more money in order to overcome their hardship III. Surrogacy is being done by people. A. Help relative that could not reproduce offspring 1. Strengthen the bonds between family members B. Surrogate mother will feel delighted and happy after giving birth successfully 1. Bring a new life to this world 2. Emotional affected by original parents 3. Feel proud for doing something not ordinal IV. Several†¦show more content†¦An average man that is uneducated will normally be paid approximately USD $50 per month of work. The wages of people in poverty are too low for themselves to even survive or nearly enough for them to send their own children for education. As a result of these, surrogacy is now a very common job in countries that suffer from poverty, countries like India and Africa. In India, surrogacy is becoming a growing business and is recently becoming very popular. A woman is averagely paid from around USD $5000 to USD $7000 to carry a child of another couple. (N.Patel, n.d.) Comparing from $50 per month and $5000 for 9 months of carrying a child, the math speaks for itself which of the two can earn more money. Moreover, in India, for USD $5000 the people can easily buy a small house for the family to stay in instead of renting a small room and even still have enough to pay for their children’s school fees. Surrogacy can easily solve the problem of poverty for many people, so there is no reason for them to not do it. Other than poverty, there are also other reasons that surrogacy is being done by people. One of the reasons is because that people turn into surrogacy mothers in order to help their relatives or friends that cannot get pregnant. Being a surrogacy isn’t always about money and getting paid for it, sometimes people would also volunteer to do it out of their kind heart. People like Robin Kaufer helped her friend’s sister carry a baby because thatShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Surrogate Mothers1187 Words   |  5 Pagesadopt a child. In some cases, the surrogate can obtain monetary compensation for her services. According to Anderson (1990), A commercial surrogate mother is someone who is paid money to bear a child for other people and to terminate her parental rights, to lead to a situation that the others may raise the child as exclusively their own. In the aspect of the intended parents, there are reasons for people who need the surrogacy service. Firstly, Intended mothers can have a huge variety of healthRead MoreSurrogacy And The Adoption Of The Surrogate1648 Words   |  7 Pagessome problems involving the intended parents. The women who delivers is the gestational surrogate or carrier. The parents are called as â€Å"intended parents†. They are fully involved in the pregnancy, present at birth and become the child s parents after its birth. There are two types of surrogacy 1. Gestational surrogacy- The baby here is not genetically related to the surrogate. Eggs come from intended mother and sperm from intended father. Sometimes donor eggs, donor sperms or donor embryos areRead More Surrogate Motherhood Essay851 Words   |  4 Pages Surrogate Motherhood: Good or Bad? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are many controversies surrounding the idea of surrogate motherhood, by its definition, it is a course of action that goes outside natural reproduction. Although surrogacy was first brought up in the bible it is only until recently that it has actually become an issue for criticism and debate. Factors such as the growth of infertility in modern society, coupled with the declining number of children available for adoption,Read MoreInfertility : Obstacle s, Options And Advancements Essay1004 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst test tube baby- which is a baby conceived by in vitro fertilization, was born in the United States. Her name was Elizabeth Jordan Carr (Behjati-Ardakani, Z., Akhondi, M. M., Mahmoodzadeh, H., Hosseini, S. H. (2016). Causes and Conditions According to the Mayo clinic, causes of infertility fall on both sexes. For females, it includes ovulation disorders such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, uterine or cervical abnormalities, fallopian tube damage or blockage, endometriosis, primary ovarian insufficiencyRead MoreDescribe and Evaluate Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory1116 Words   |  5 Pagesafter extensive research suggests that emotional bonds had evolutionary functions as he thought it helped a child’s survival. Attachment behaviours in both babies and their caregivers have evolved through natural selection, so the way they behave causes the infants to be biologically programmed with innate behaviours that ensures that attachment does occur. These innate species-specific attachment behaviours are social releasers i.e crying, vocalising and smiling. Bowlby brought in the conceptRead MoreThe First Human Clone : Real Stories930 Words   |  4 Pageschildren are created by infertility treatments and a rethinking of traditional concepts of family is required. Human reproductive cloning should be banned because of the death of countless human embryos while conducting experiments, known risk to the mother and the risk of birth defects in cloned human beings. The documentary shows the successful cloning of a human embryo designed by the Italian fertility expert Severino Antinori to be placed in the womb of a woman for producing a baby. This was anRead MoreParental Influences in Heathcliff, Cathy and Linton Essay examples1369 Words   |  6 Pagesher calmer father, Edgar, and her more fiery mother, Catherine. She shows both these personalities, but she limits each to the correct time and circumstance. Also, the same goes for Linton Heathcliff, who has become a mixture of both his mother, Isabella, and his father, Heathcliff. Lastly, this is shown in Hareton Earnshaw, who, because he has little to no relationship with his biological parents, has turned into a man more like Heathcliff, his surrogate father, instead of Hindley, his genetic fatherRead MoreThe Transition Of Becoming A Parent1682 Words   |  7 Pageschild. In Vitro Fertilization Some lesbian mothers may choose to become pregnant using in vitro fertilization, which â€Å"involves surgically removing eggs from a woman’s ovaries, combining them with sperm in the laboratory, and returning them to the woman’s body,† (Evans, et al., 2015, p. 347). In vitro fertilization is an invasive and costly procedure, which may not be a realistic source of conception for all couples. (O’Neill, Hamer, Dixon, 2012). The mothers must make the decision of who will physicallyRead MoreThe Cloning Of The Medical Field Essay1712 Words   |  7 Pagesanimals, before being finalized and put into pharmacies. Mice are the main animals used for these sorts of experiments and procedures. The reason for this is because animal models are genetically made to carry diseases with them. This automatically causes mutation in their genes making them transgenic. Creating a transgenic animal is a time consuming process that needs trials and many generations of breedin g. Cloning comes in handy by reducing the time used to create transgenic animals and it wouldRead MoreThe Adoption Of Traditional Surrogate Mothers1837 Words   |  8 Pagesissues, surrogacy becomes an option. Surrogates who agree to bear a child for another couple have made parenthood a possible option for individuals that are not able to adopt a child. Reasons may be because of their age, marital status, or sexual orientation. There are two kinds of surrogate mothers. A traditional surrogate is a woman who is artificially inseminated with the father’s viable sperm. The traditional surrogate is then the baby’s biological mother because it was her egg that was fertilized

The Economic Efficiency Principle Underlies Management Effectiveness Essay Sample free essay sample

Before any treatment on schemes the Board undertakes to properly direct and command an entity it will be prudent to hold an apprehension of the function and duties of the Board. It is besides of import to observe here that the function of the Board of Directors has changed significantly since the Enron Scandal of 2001. Far more duties have been placed on the Board after the Enron Scandal in USA than earlier. The Sarbanes/Oxley Act of 2002. which was America’s response to the Enron Scandal. introduced what is possibly one of the most important pieces of statute law associated with the inadvertence of corporate moralss – which sets guidelines and demands for Accounting. fiscal revelation. and the ethical behaviour of corporations. Other dirts that have contributed â€Å"positively† to corporate administration in entities include the Worldcom Scandal and the Parmalat Scandal. Both of these dirts. along with the Enron Scandal. led to significance alterations on the composing. construction. ethical behaviour. functions and duties of Boardss of Directors over the past decennary. Detailss of these dirts and what part they made to corporate administration will be discussed in this paper. Through Board determinations and determinations of Sub-Committees of the Board. control is exercised in an administration. However. as shall be discussed subsequently in this presentation. the unity of the single Directors and Managers and their committedness to good corporate administration is indispensable for the success of these controls. The failure and bankruptcy of cardinal planetary endeavors including Enron. Parmalat and WorldCom between 2001 and 2003 point to a entire deficiency of ethical behavior by Board and Management despite the being of Sub-Committees of the Board. Traditional Role of Boards â€Å"At the nucleus of corporate administration. of class. is the function of the board in supervising how direction serves the long-run involvements of portion proprietors and other stakeholders. An active. informed. independent and involved board is indispensable for guaranting the company’s unity. transparence and long-run strength†¦Ã¢â‚¬  General Electric. 2002 Annual Report. Boardss have ever been expected to play important functions in the direction of an entity. How efficaciously Boards play these functions is dependent on a assortment of factors including its composing. whether its members are non-executive or executive. and whether or non the CEO plays the function of chair as good. As I indicated earlier. these functions are rapidly altering and germinating. †¢ The Oversight Role of the Board The function of the Board has traditionally been understood to be one of inadvertence. The Board is expected to oversee top Management of an entity on behalf of stockholders ( some could be portion of the board as non executive managers ) . Stockholders appoint the Board and depute certain authorization. including oversight authorization. to the Directors to â€Å"direct† and â€Å"control† the entity on behalf of the stockholders. Their function hence. is non merely limited to taking attention of shareholders’ wealth and guaranting a good return on investing but besides oversing the top Management to guarantee prosperity and endurance of the entity. In this function the Board is held accountable to the stockholders. †¢ Focal Point for Corporate Governance Conflict of involvement between sitting Directors and the company on whose Board they sit is discouraged. The Board is meant to guarantee that there exist no concern involvements and struggle between their private companies or those of Management and the company. Proper division of the functions and duties of the Board and Management is besides enforced. In order to heighten good corporate administration the Board formulates policies and oversees their execution by Management. This is of import as it ensures independency of the Board. Involvement in concern association with the company frequently erodes the independency of the Board in decision-making. †¢ Guaranting Financial Reporting and Ethical Performance Disproof of an entity’s histories so as to reflect a better fiscal place to the share-holders goes to the nucleus of sound corporate administration of an endeavor. Very frequently. this is done to conceal the directors’ or the Management’s ain misdirection. It is hence the Board’s function to guarantee proper accounting is done and the audited histories are presented to the share-holders by the Board. †¢ Ensure the entity’s Future Survival Adoption of policies and preparation of schemes that guarantee strategic aims are achieved is a cardinal map of the Board. Achievement of strategic aims is of import in guaranting endurance of an endeavor. †¢ Hiring and Puting the Wage of the Chief executive officer â€Å"Hiring and firing† the Chief Executive Officer of a company is besides the function of the Board. The Board is besides responsible for the hire of Senior Management staff of an endeavor. However. as shall be discussed subsequently in this presentation. complications arise when the sitting CEO is besides the Chairman of the Board. Although the Board may depute of its maps to the CEO. such deputation does non intend stepping down of duty. †¢ Risk Anticipation and Management Survival of the endeavor is one of the cardinal functions of the Board. as stated earlier. In order to make this. the Board needs to be able to buttockss and manage hazards that face the endeavor. This function is comparatively new and does non purely fall within the traditional functions of the Board. Increasingly. boards and direction squads are encompassing the construct of endeavor hazard direction ( ERM ) to better link their hazard inadvertence with the creative activity and protection of stakeholder value. ERM is a procedure that provides a robust position of cardinal hazards confronting an organisation. In today’s environment. the acceptance of ERM may be the most effectual and attractive manner to run into of all time increasing demands for effectual board hazard inadvertence. If positioned right within the organisation to back up the accomplishment of organisational aims. including strategic aims. effectual ERM can be a value-added procedure that improves long-run organisational public presentation. ERM can. therefore. help direction and the Board in doing better. more risk-informed. strategic determinations. SUB-COMMITTEES AS CONTROL MECHANISMS From the treatment so far. we notice that the Board has assorted responsibilities and duties to fulfill share-holder outlooks. guarantee the endurance of the endeavor. mitigate hazards and control. hire and fire the CEO and top direction. Let us now discuss how the Board exercises way and control of an entity. Assorted mechanisms and schemes are at the disposal of the Board in this respect. We shall discourse each one of these schemes in bend. However. it must be noted that personal unity of the Board Members and Management is critical in the success of these mechanisms and schemes. I ) Decisions of the Board as a Mechanism / Strategy The Board is the supreme policy doing organ in an entity. It meets quarterly. normally. or as the demand may originate to reexamine the public presentation of the administration. Through Board determinations Management is left with small or no leeway but to implement Board determinations. In this manner. the Board exercises control of what may or may non be done by direction. The Board is responsible for internal control in company and for reexamining its effectivity. Procedures are frequently designed for safeguarding assets against unauthorized usage or disposal ; for keeping proper accounting records ; and for the dependability and utility of fiscal information used within the concern or for publication. Such processs are designed to pull off and extenuate the hazard of failure. At Board meetings. Management presents its ain proposals for blessing or rejection. Rejection or blessing is the Board’s privilege and an option the Board exercises in order to command what happens in an entity. Control is exercised through: O Approval. rejection or varying of the entity’s budgets. O Approval. rejection or varying of departmental budgets. O Approval or rejection of contracts. O Hiring or / and fire of the CEO and top direction. o Adoption of Audited Accounts of the company. o Formulation of policies and schemes for their execution. I ) Board Sub-committees as a Mechanism / Strategy For specialised examination. control and way. Boardss organize themselves into Sub-Committees of the Board. These sub-committees may be lasting or ad hoc. What is indispensable is that they are chaired by a Board member with alone makings. experience and apprehension of the nature of the undertaking. The bomber –committees besides have within its rank Board members with the needed experience. preparation and professionalism. Examples of Sub – Committees of the Board may include: o The Audit / Risk Monitoring Sub Committee o The Staff Sub-Committee/ Remuneration Sub-Committee o The Nomination Sub – Committee o The Corporate Sustainability Sub-Committee In order to to the full understand how Boards exercising control through sub-committees. we need to analyze the functions of these sub-committees. a ) The Audit/ Risk Monitoring Sub Committee The constitution and care of appropriate systems of internal control is chiefly the duty of the Audit Committee. The Internal Audit map. which is centrally controlled. proctors the effectivity of internal control structures across the whole administration and studies to the Audit Sub-Committee. Even though the Internal Auditor is a cardinal member of staff. the resident of this office does non describe to the CEO but instead. to the Audit Sub – Committee. In this manner. Board exercises control. The Audit and Risk Monitoring Sub Committee is besides responsible for reding the Board on high-ranking risk-related affairs and hazard administration and for non-executive inadvertence of hazard direction and internal controls ( other than over fiscal coverage ) . Seasonably coverage is indispensable for the company to take disciplinary action. B ) Staff Sub-Committee/ Remuneration Sub-Committee The Staff/ Remuneration Committee is responsible for O.K.ing wage policy. As portion of its function. it considers the footings of fillip programs. portion programs. other long-run inducement programs and the single wage bundles of executive Directors and other senior company employees. including all in places of important influence. However. for the exclusive intent of heightening unity. no managers are involved in make up ones minding their ain wage. This Sub Committee is besides charges with the duty of choice. short listing. recruiting and repairing wage of the CEO and Senior Staff. It besides handles issues refering to publicity. reclamation of contracts. and subject of the Staff. The Chairman of this Sub-Committee is normally a Board Member conversant with affairs of Human Resource Management and Labour Relations. It is of import to observe that enlisting of the CEO and Senior Management is capable to their sign language of a â€Å"Performance Contract† Findingss and recommendations of this Sub-Committee ( as all other commissions ) are so presented to the Board for blessing. In this manner. the Board. through this scheme ensures all enlisting ( degree Celsius ) Nomination CommitteeThe Nomination Committee leads the procedure for Board assignments. and identifies and nominates campaigners. for blessing by the Board. with the support of external advisers as appropriate. and satisfies itself that appropriate programs are in topographic point for orderly sequence to the Board reflecting an appropriate balance of accomplishments and experience on the Board. Before urging an assignment to the Board. the Committee evaluates the balance of accomplishments. cognition and experience of the Board and. in visible radiation of this. and taking into history the demands of the company’s concerns. identifies the function and capablenesss required for a peculiar assignment. Campaigners are considered on virtue against these standards. Care is taken to guarantee that appointees have adequate clip to give to the company. Corporate Sustainability Sub- Committee The Corporate Sustainability Sub-Committee is responsible for supervising the company’s Corporate Sustainability policies ( chiefly environmental. societal and ethical affairs ) and for reding the Board. commissions of the Board and executive direction on such affairs. Ideally. a company should hold a Corporate Sustainability/ Responsibility section within the Head Office. In certain companies. this section is a unit in the Human Resource Department. As I mentioned earlier in this presentation. the map of this sub-committee is comparatively new and was non a traditional function of the Board. Besides the Sub Committees that I have discussed above. the Board normally has discretion to organize other sub-committees as and when it deems fit. OTHER CONTROL MECHANISMSI ) Performance ContractsThese are normally marks set by the Board for accomplishment. The Chief executive officer and Senior Staff are given marks that are measureable and accomplishable that they must run into. Failure to run into these marks would ask for countenances against the Manager concerned. Directors. in some cases. are besides subjected to public presentation contracts by which accomplishment of set ends and aims are gauged. two ) Continuity through Retirement by Rotation This is a mechanism where tierce of Board members retire from the Board go forthing two-thirds of Board members to go on in their functions. New Board members are so invited to replace the retiring Board Members. This mechanism ensures continuity and control of the entity as there will be more â€Å"old† Board Members to supply way. Control of the entity is non lost. hence. three ) Reporting Structures as a Control Mechanism This is a construction in an organisation that indicates duties of every function participant and the coverage lines. It is known as an â€Å"organo-gram† or the â€Å"Organization Chart† . The Board of Directors at the top with Sub-Committees below it. It requires that the Sub-Committees study to the Board. The Chief executive officer on the organo-gram is placed below the Sub-Committees. and below him. all the other staff in order of Seniority and Responsibility. Strict attachment to the coverage structures ensures control. It besides allows the Board to give way on what should be done. The Enron Scandal – lessons learntThe best illustration of what Boards should non make was provided by the Enron Scandal of 2001. The Enron dirt is the most important corporate prostration in the United States. This dirt demonstrates the demand for important reforms in accounting and corporate administration in organisations. every bit good as for a close expression at the ethical quality of the civilization of concern by and large. I shall try to analyze grounds for failure of Enron. one of the most powerful corporate giants in United States history. I ) Conflict of Interest One of the most important dogmas of good corporate administration is the riddance of struggle of involvement. There should non be any struggle between personal involvement an entity’s corporate involvements. At Enron. Arthur Andersen was the external hearer but was besides a adviser to Enron. He did concern with Enron. Enron faced a state of affairs where any payments made to Arthur Anderson in his capacity as a Consultant were subsequently audited by himself as an External Auditor. This clearly led to an unacceptable struggle of involvement. two ) Disproof of Books of HistoriesThe deficiency of attending shown by members of the Enron board of managers to the off-books fiscal entities with which Enron did concern ; and the deficiency of truthfulness by direction about the wellness of the company and its concern operation led to a hapless fiscal province and near – prostration of the entity. Arthur Anderson. in his function as Auditor. admitted before a Congress Sub-Committee to holding falsified the histories and to holding shredded or concealed official histories that related to Enron. three ) The Board’s Failure to Monitor One of the rule functions of the Board of Directors is to supervise and measure the public presentation of an endeavor to guarantee that stockholders get a just return on their investing and that the endeavor itself survives. At Enron. the Board was paid inordinate sums as wage. This gave them small motive and inducement to closely supervise what direction was making. They failed to protect share-holder wealth. The blazing deficiency of moralss at Enron was in malice of the being of a Code of Ethics. Sub – Committees of the Board. Performance Contracts. Audit and Risk Monitoring Committees and all the control measures. The deficiency of moralss and what came to be known as â€Å"reckless greed† on the portion the Board and Management continued and was abetted by the Board. The Oxley Act. 2002 Following the Enron corporate and accounting dirt in the USA. Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 ( Sarbanes-Oxley ) . Sarbanes-Oxley established new and enhanced criterions for corporate answerability in the USA. Even where an entity’s corporate administration construction was believed to be robust and in line with best pattern. alterations were necessary to guarantee conformity with Sarbanes-Oxley. Senator Paul Sarbanes and Representative Michael Oxley. who drafted the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. sought to put farther answerability. better corporate administration and ethical behaviour in companies. The Oxley Act. 2002 had the undermentioned new steps: 1. Created a Public Company Accounting Oversight Board to implement professional criterions. moralss. and competency for the accounting profession ; 2. Strengthened the independency of houses that audit public companies ; 3. Increased corporate duty and usefulness or corporate fiscal revelation ; 4. Increased punishments for corporate error ; 5. Protected the objectiveness and independency of securities analysts ; and 6. Increased Securities and Exchange Commission resources 7.Prohibited the allowing personal loans to members of the Board and Management Staff. Enron collapsed as a consequence of corporate misbehaviour. If anything came out of the Enron Scandal it is that the dirt itself heightened consciousness of the importance of unity in Accounting and Business in general. Ethically. the Enron Scandal led to the passage of the most important pieces of statute law associated with inadvertence of corporate moralss. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act. 2002. Mentions Board of Directors http//Wikipedia. org ( accessed on 24th July. 2012 ) Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ( COSO ) . Enterprise Risk Management – Integrated Framework. September 2004. New York. NY HSBC Group: Internal Control: Revised Guidance for Directors on the Combined Code: HSBC Group 1992 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act. 2002 U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Address by SEC Chairman: Address to the Council of Institutional Investors. 2009 Zameeruddin. R ; The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002: An Overview. Analysis. and Caveats. Northwestern Illinois University. Illinois. USA

Theology Of Genesis 1-11 Essays - Phoenician Mythology,

Theology Of Genesis 1-11 (A) Introduction Pentateuch is considered to be the most important part in the Old Testament. It recorded the account of creation, the fall of man, the Law Code as well as the experience of the Ancient Israel. Among them Genesis is the first book recorded incidents happened from the creation of the world to Joseph's time. In chapter one to eleven, the origin of the world and human race are introduced and in chapter twelve onwards are the stories of the Ancestors. In this passage, we will concentrate in discussing the theology of chapter one to eleven which contained much valuable and important message for the readers who were probably Israelites in post-exilic period (which would be discussed later). In order to understand the text it is important to have some knowledge about the background of the readers as the author should compose his work under their background so that they may understand easily. Hence brief introduction of the background of Ancient Israelites and Genesis as well as its authorship would be given before we go into discussing its theology. The discussion will be within four topics ---(a) Yahweh has supreme authority and power, (b) Man---as image of God, (c) Mankind's failure and God's reaction and (d) Creation---a continuing process. (B) Background of Canaanites' Religion and Ancient Israelites Both Biblical record and archeological evidence showed that beside the Israelites, there were many other people living in Palestine. They included Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaim, Amorites, Canaanites, Girga*censored*es and Jebusites. In this passage, they are all regarded as Canaanites. Basically, the Canaanites' religions are polytheistic. They believed in many gods in many different levels including those national god, functional gods and family gods or ancestors. In the following paragraphs, a brief introduction of Canaanites' religions would be given as a background for the studies of religion of ancient Israelites. Religion in Ancient Near East Although the gods they worshipped were different, tribes in Ancient Near East did have similar although not exactly the same doctrines. As mentioned above, their religions are polytheistic. Each god in their religion had different function and statues. They had different characters and might fight among themselves. We are going to discuss the religion in Canaan and Babylon as examples. One point must be noted is that the functions of the gods in Canaan are closely related to natural phenomena . For example, Baal Hadad was known as the thunder god who was responsible for raining. Other examples included El Elyon who was known as the sun god , Yamm who was the god of the sea and Mot who was the god of death . Some of the gods were related to daily life. For instant, Anath was the goddess of war and Astarte was known as the goddess of love and fertility and also of war. Another function of Baal was related to fertility. The Canaanites always explained natural phenomena using myths. The alternation of the seasons and the death and renewal of vegetation were believed to be explained through the following myth. When Baal had his temple built, he sent a message to the god of death Mot in which he threatened Mot's life. After that there was a struggle between Mot and Baal and Baal was killed in the battle. After some times Baal's sister Anath went down to the underworld and defeated Mot. Baal was resurrected from death and returned to his power to bring about raining to the Earth. The Canaanites believed that the death and resurrection of Baal happened every year. The defeat of Baal indicated the death of vegetation due to winter frosts or summer drought. The resurrection of Baal revealed the vegetation grew because of annual or seasonal flooding. In this myth, one could easily observe that other that a thunder god, Baal was also a god of fertility. In the sight of the people in Ancient Near East, men were just the slaves of gods. For instance, in Babylon, people believed that mankind was created only because of the laziness of gods . The gods created men so that they could take over their work and serve them. The gods needed the sacrifice of men. However, due to the